UNIVERSITY  OF    CALIFORNIA   PUBLICATIONS 


COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


PRELIMINARY  REPORT 


ON 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD  EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN 

FRESNO  COUNTY,  CALIFORNIA 

BY 

WALTER  W.  WEIR 

Senior  Drainage  Engineer,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 


(Based  on  work  done  under  a  co-operative  agreement  between  the  Office  of 
Public  Eoads  and  Eural  Engineering,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the 
University  of  California  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.) 


BULLETIN  No.  273 

November,  1916 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 

BERKELEY 

1916 


Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF 

HEADS    OP   DIVISIONS 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Director. 
Edward  J.  Wickson,  Horticulture  (Emeritus). 

Herbert  J.  Webber,  Director  Citrus  Experiment  Station;  Plant  Breeding. 
Hubert  E.  Van  Norman,  Vice-Director;  Dairy  Management. 
William  A.  Setciiell,  Botany. 
Myer  E.  Jaffa,  Nutrition. 

Robert  H.  Loughridge,  Soil  Chemistry  and  Physics  (Emeritus). 
Charles  W.  Woodworth,  Entomology. 
Ralph  E.  Smith,  Plant  Pathology. 
J.  Eliot  Coit,  Citriculture. 
John  W.  Gilmore,  Agronomy. 
Charles  F.  Shaw,  Soil  Technology. 

John  W.  Gregg,  Landscape  Gardening  and  Floriculture. 
Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  Viticulture  and  Enology. 
Warren  T.  Clarke,  Agricultural  Extension. 
John  S.  Burd,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
Charles  B.  Lipman,  Soil  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology. 
Clarence  M.  Haring,  Veterinary  Science  and  Bacteriology. 
Ernest  B.  Babcock,  Genetics. 
Gordon  H.  True,  Animal  Husbandry. 
James  T.  Barrett,  Plant  Pathology. 
Fritz  W.  Woll,  Animal  Nutrition. 
A.  V.  Stubenrauch,  Pomology. 
Walter  Mulford,  Forestry. 
W.  P.  Kelley,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
Elwood  Mead,  Rural  Institutions. 
H.  J.  Quayle,  Entomology. 
J.  B.  Davidson,  Agricultural  Engineering. 
H.  S.  Reed,  Plant  Physiology. 
D.  T.  Mason,  Forestry. 

William  G.  Hummel,  Agricultural  Education. 
John  E.  Dougherty,  Poultry  Husbandry. 
S.  S.  Rogers,  Olericulture. 
*Frank  Adams,  Experimental  Irrigation. 
TT.  S.  Baird,  Dairy  Industry. 
David  N.  Morgan,  Assistant  to  the  Director. 
Mrs.  D.  L.  Bunnell,  Librarian. 

Division  of  Soil  Technology 
Chas.  F.  Shaw  Alfred  Smith 

J.  W.  Nelson  J.  E.  Guernsey 

W.  W.  Weir  C.  J.  Zinn 

W.  C.  Dean 


In  co-operation  Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  U.  S.  D.  A. 


PRELIMINARY  REPORT 

ON 

KEARNEY  VINEYARD  EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN 

By  WALTER  W.  WEIR 
Senior    Drainage  Engineer,  U.   S.   Department   of  Agriculture 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction 103 

Location 104 

History  of  the  Tract 104 

Preliminary  Survey 104 

Plan  of  Drainage  106 

Construction  and  Cost  in  1913  108 

Operations  and  Expenses  during  1914 109 

Operations  and  Expenses   during  1915 112 

Pumping  and  Flooding  113 

Removal  of  Alkali  117 

Operations  during  1916  121 

Summary    -.. 121 


INTRODUCTION 

The  need  for  drainage  in  many  of  the  irrigated  sections  of  the 
San  Joaquin  Valley  was  noted  and  reported  upon  by  the  late  Dr. 
E.  W.  Hilgard1  as  early  as  1886.  In  1902  C.  G.  Elliott2  surveyed 
and  reported  upon  the  drainage  of  about  twenty-five  square  miles  of 
territory  in  Fresno  County  and  in  a  subsequent  report 3  recommended 
drainage  for  the  city  of  Fresno.  In  1907  W.  "W.  Mackie4  reported 
on  experiments  in  drainage  that  were  carried  on  by  the  Bureau  of 
Soils,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  In  1909  Dr.  Samuel  Fortier 
and  V.  M.  Cone5  reported  on  experimental  drainage  in  the  Fresno 
section  and  made  preliminary  recommendations  for  the  drainage  of 
about  200,000  acres. 


i  Reports  of  California  Experiment  Station,  1886  to  1896. 
2  Circular  50,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
s  Circular  57,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  IT.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
*  Bulletin  42,  Bureau  of  Soils,  IT.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
•">  Bulletin  217,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  IT.  S.  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. 


104  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION 

With  the  idea  of  making  further  experiments  on  a  larger  area 
than  had  been  previously  used  and  of  carrying  these  experiments  to 
a  more  definite  conclusion  than  those  of  former  cases,  the  Kearney 
Vineyard  experimental  drain  was  installed  under  the  co-operative 
direction  of  the  University  of  California  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  and  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

Although  this  tract  has  not  yet  been  brought  to  an  entirely  satis- 
factory state  of  productiveness,  the  results  have  been  such  as  to  give 
indication  of  the  entire  success  of  the  project.  This  preliminary  report 
is  intended  to  show  only  what  progress  has  been  made  during  the  first 
three  years. 

LOCATION 

The  drained  tract,  which  consists  of  a  quarter  section  (S.E.  y±  sec. 
6,  T.  14  S.,  R.  19  E.  M.D.M.)  of  the  Kearney  Vineyard  property,  lies 
one  mile  northwest  of  Kearney  Park  and  about  eight  miles  west  of 
Fresno,  along  White's  Bridge  Road  between  Fillmore  and  Monroe 
Avenues. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  TRACT 
About  1890  this  tract,  which  is  a  part  of  what  was  then  known  as 
the  Fruit  Vale  Estate,  was  brought  into  productiveness  as  a  vineyard 
by  Mr.  Theodore  Kearney.  It  is  said  to  have  been  as  valuable  as 
any  part  of  the  estate  during  the  first  years.  Later,  seepage  and  alkali 
began  to  appear  and  the  vineyard  deteriorated  rapidly  until  all  but 
a  small  portion  was  removed.  The  tract  was  then  planted  to  alfalfa, 
wThich  gave  satisfactory  yields  for  a  few  years,  but  the  water  table 
continued  to  rise  until  the  alfalfa  became  unprofitable  and  the  entire 
tract  was  used  for  grain  up  to  the  time  that  the  reclamation  work 
was  started.  In  1912  the  entire  quarter  section  produced  only  about 
30  tons  of  barley  hay  and  this  largely  from  the  sandy  ridge  in  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  tract.  In  1913  the  tract  was  uncultivated, 
some  parts  being  entirely  barren  of  vegetation,  while  a  rank  growth 
of  alkali  weeds  and  foxtail  covered  most  of  it. 

PRELIMINARY  SURVEY 
During  the  summer  of  1913  detailed  topographical,  soil  and  alkali 
surveys  were  made  of  the  area.  The  topography  is  somewhat  irregular, 
the  general  slope  is  about  21/4:  feet  from  north  to  south.  A  sandy  ridge 
runs  through  the  northwest  part  of  the  field,  with  a  deep  depression 
just  to  the  west.     A  shallower  depression  lies  just  east  of  the  ridge, 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD  EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN 


105 


and  a  broad,  flat  area  extends  from  this  through  the  middle  of  the 
field.  With  the  exception  of  the  one  deep  depression,  the  local  differ- 
ences in  elevation  are  less  than  two  feet. 

The  soil  is  mapped  by  the  Bureau  of  Soils6  as  "Fresno  sandy 
loam, ' '  whereas  the  more  detailed  survey  mentioned  separated  it  into 
the  sandy  loam  and  fine  sandy  loam  types,  each  occupying  irregular 
shaped  areas  over  the  tract.  Practically  the  entire  area  is  underlain 
by  hardpan  at  depths  ranging  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet,  of  a 
thickness  ranging  from  a  few  inches  to  four  feet.  Sometimes  several 
layers  of  hardpan  were  encountered  within  a  six-foot  soil  column. 
Hardpan  conditions  varied  considerably  within  short  distances,  and 


Fig.  1. — View  showing  character  of  vegetation  in  1913. 

as  was  found  later,  offered  little  resistance  to  the  downward  movement 
of  water. 

The  detailed  survey  showed  that  the  alkali  varied  in  the  surface 
foot  from  less  than  .2  per  cent  over  most  of  the  tract  to  3.0  per  cent 
over  small  areas.  It  was  found  that  the  principal  salts  were  sodium 
chloride  and  sodium  carbonate,  with  a  predominance  of  the  former. 
Observations  taken  during  1912  and  the  early  part  of  1913  showed 
that  at  no  time  during  the  year  was  the  water  table  more  than  seven 
and  one-half  feet  below  the  surface,  and  during  June  it  stood  within 
two  feet  of  the  surface.  During  the  entire  growing  season  the  water 
was  less  than  six  feet  from  the  surface,  and  for  four  and  one-half 
months  was  less  than  four  feet  below  the  surface. 


6  Field  Operations  of  Bureau  of  Soils,  1912 — Fresno  Area. 


106 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION 


PLAN  OF  DRAINAGE 

The  system  of  drainage  installed  during  November  and  December, 
1913,  consists  of  a  main  drain,  beginning  near  the  center  of  the  north 
line  of  the  tract,  running  south  to  within  about  600  feet  of  the  south 
line,  thence  southeastward  750  feet  and  thence  east  to  a  sump  at  the 
southeast  corner.     The  main  drain  has  a  fall  of  1  in  1000  and  an 


Fig.  2. — Sketch  showing  location  of  drains  and  test  wells  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experiment  Drain. 


average  depth  of  about  seven  feet.  As  originally  constructed,  the 
upper  300  feet  were  6-inch  tile,  followed  by  1588  feet  of  8-inch  tile  and 
1400  feet  of  12-inch  tile.  The  lateral  system,  consisting  of  eight  par- 
allel laterals  on  the  east  and  nine  on  the  west  side  of  the  main,  is 
composed  of  6-inch  tile  at  an  average  depth  of  five  and  three-quarters 
feet.     The  laterals  are  315  feet  apart,  those  on  the  east  of  the  main 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD  EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN 


107 


drain  being  900  feet  long,  while  those  on  the  west,  due  to  the  topog- 
raphy, vary  from  500  feet  to  1700  feet  long.  Branch  No.  7  differs  from 
the  others  in  that  it  extends  north  along  the  west  line  in  order  to  reach 
the  deep  depression  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the  tract.    The  tile,  with 


Fig.  3. — Drainage  system  under  construction.     Note  depth  of  trench. 


the  exception  of  640  feet  of  12-inch  sewer  pipe,  was  ordinary  hard- 
burned  clay  drain  tile  in  two-foot  lengths.  Each  piece  was  laid  to 
grade  with  abutting  joints.  No  protection  was  provided  at  the  joints 
for  keeping  out  silt. 


108  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Concrete  silt 'wells  were  placed  along  the  main  drain  at  the  points 
where  the  laterals  enter,  and  at  distances  of  not  more  than  500  feet 
apart  on  the  laterals.  These  silt  wells  vary  in  size  from  4X4  feet  to 
2!/2  X  4  feet  and  have  an  average  depth  of  about  eight  feet.  The  bottom 
is  in  each  case  one  and  one-half  feet  below  the  tile  grade.  The  sump 
at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  tract  consists  of  a  reinforced  concrete 
pit  five  and  one-half  feet  square  and  sixteen  feet  deep,  with  the  inlet 
tile  four  feet  from  the  bottom.  The  water  was  originally  pumped  from 
this  sump  with  a  3V2-inch  vertical  centrifugal  pump  operated  by  a 
5  H.P.  direct-connected  motor.  The  irrigation  laterals  were  lined  with 
concrete  at  all  points  where  they  crossed  the  tile  lines  to  prevent  ex- 
cessive seepage  into  the  new  trenches.  Fig.  2  shows  the  plan  of  the 
system. 

CONSTRUCTION  AND  COST  IN  1913 

Construction  was  done  by  contract,  the  contractor  receiving  a  com- 
mission of  10  per  cent  on  the  labor  and  materials,  exclusive  of  tile  and 
pumping  equipment.  This  arrangement,  however,  was  not  strictly 
adhered  to  as  both  labor  and  materials  were  furnished  without  com- 
mission. The  trenches  were  all  dug  by  hand  and  at  no  place  except 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  sump  was  any  water  or  serious  caving 
encountered. 

The  system  consists  of  21,842  feet  of  drain  varying  in  size  from 
6-inch  to  12-inch  tile,  including  640  feet  of  12-inch  sewer  pipe  used 
for  the  lower  end  of  the  main  line  because  of  the  deep  cut  here.  The 
tile  cost  7%  cents  per  foot  for  6-inch,  13  cents  per  foot  for  8-inch, 
and  26  cents  per  foot  for  12-inch,  totaling  $2018.55  or  an  average  of 
$0.0924  per  foot,  f.o.b.  Kearney  Park.  Distributing  the  tile,  digging 
trenches,  laying,  backfilling,  tools  and  repairs  amounted  to  $4352.38, 
divided  as  follows : 

Digging  and  laying  $2935.42 

Backfilling    293.99 

Supplies   and   blacksmithing   821.17 

Commission  301.80 

$4352.38 

The  structures,  including  the  material  and  work  on  the  silt  wells, 
irrigation  crossings  and  sump,  amounted  to  $2066.24,  of  which  $1015.34 
was  for  materials  and  $164.45  for  commission.  This  was  divided 
approximately  as  follows : 

Sump    $500.00 

Thirty-four  silt   wells   1258.00 

Twenty-eight  crossings   308.24 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD  EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN  109 

The  pump  equipment  cost  $561.35,  divided  as  follows : 

Transformers    $160.00 

Pump,  motor,  etc 401.35 

A  summary  of  the  cost  of  the  drainage  plant  as  installed  in  Decem- 
ber, 1913,  on  a  basis  of  151  acres  of  arable  land,  is  given  in  the 
following  table : 

Item —  Total  Per  acre 

Tile    $2018.55  $13.37 

Digging  and  laying  2750.67  18.23 

Distributing  tile  184.75  1.22 

Backfilling  293.99  1.94 

Supplies  and  blacksmithing  821.17  5.44 

Sump  460.00  3.05 

Silt  wells  1163.55  7.70 

Crossings    278.24  1.84 

Pump   equipment   561.35  3.71 

Commission    466.25  3.09 

$8998.52  $59.59 

The  cost  for  installing  the  tile  was : 

Cost  per  foot 
Item —  Total  of  drain 

Tile    $2018.55  $.0924 

Digging  and  laying  2750.67  .1259 

Distributing  184.75  .0085 

Backfilling  293.99  .0135 

Supplies  and  blacksmithing  821.17  .0376 


$6370.93  $.2917 

Immediately  after  the  completion  of  the  drainage  system,  steps 
were  taken  to  prepare  the  land  for  flooding.  This  work  consisted  of 
repairing  the  irrigation  system  and  rechecking  the  field,  both  of  which 
had  become  neglected  through  disuse.  The  repairs  to  the  irrigation 
system  cost  $235.17,  or  $1.56  per  acre,  and  the  leveling  cost  $725.56, 
or  $4.80  per  acre,  making  a  total  expenditure  at  the  time  flooding  was 
commenced  in  February,  1914,  of  $9959.25,  or  $65.95  per  acre. 

OPERATIONS  AND  EXPENSES  DURING  1914 
The  first  actual  work  of  removing  the  alkali  and  lowering  the 
water  table  was  begun  by  starting  the  pump  on  February  23,  1914. 
At  the  same  time  water  was  turned  into  the  field  for  flooding.  The 
flooding  continued  intermittently  until  April  22,  at  which  time  all 
of  the  tract  except  about  forty  acres  along  the  west  line  had  been 
flooded  for  at  least  a  wTeek,  to  a  depth  of  six  to  twelve  inches. 


110 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


Shortly  after  the  flooding  began,  it  became  apparent  that  the 
pumping  equipment  was  too  small  to  handle  the  water,  and  an  auxil- 
iary gasoline  outfit  was  installed  at  one  of  the  silt  wells  at  about  the 
middle  of  the  field.  The  auxiliary  pump  was  kept  in  operation  until 
June  30  and  the  discharge  was  used  for  flooding.  During  the  oper- 
ations of  this  pump  it  is  estimated  that  46,000,000  gallons  were  pumped 
by  it,  practically  all  of  which  was  returned  to  the  land  and  no  account 


■<*** 


*** 


Tfr.-*. 


<*  *ms** 


& 


Uj& 


«),% 


Fig.  4. — The  tract  was  flooded  in  order  to  wash  the  alkali  down. 


is  taken  of  this  in  subsequent  estimates  on  discharge.  It  is  now 
thought  that  this  outfit  did  not  assist  materially  in  lowering  the  water 
table,  as  nearly  all  of  the  water  which  did  not  evaporate  was  returned 
to  the  drains  and  eventually  handled  by  the  main  pump. 

During  June,  the  east  eighty  acres  of  the  tract  were  irrigated, 
plowed  and  planted  to  Egyptian  corn.  The  stand  of  corn  was  rather 
unsatisfactory,  probably  not  more  than  paying  for  its  harvesting.  It 
did,  however,  give  some  indication  as  to  the  progress  of  the  reclamation. 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD   EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN 


in. 


At  the  end  of  the  1914  season  several  instances  of  faulty  design 
were  apparent  and  changes  were  made  in  the  system  to  correct  these. 

The  3%-inch  vertical  pump  and  5  H.P.  vertical  motor  were  found 
to  be  both  too  small  and  of  poor  design  for  this  work,  and  they  were 
replaced  by  a  5-inch  horizontal  centrifugal  pump  and  7%  H.P.  direct 
connected  motor.  This  new  equipment  included  changes  in  the  pump 
house  and  a  device  for  controlling  the  discharge.  It  was  also  found 
that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  water  entering  the  main  line  of  the 


Fig.  5. — The  corn  grown  in  1914  showed  many  bare  spots. 


tile  system  came  from  the  laterals  near  the  northern  end  of  the  field, 
evidently  seepage  directly  from  the  Houghton  Canal ;  from  observa- 
tions made  while  the  auxiliary  pump  was  in  operation,  it  was  found 
that  portions  of  the  main  line  were  too  small  and  probably  would  not 
have  handled  satisfactorily  the  entire  drainage  even  if  the  pump  equip- 
ment had  been  larger.  As  a  consequence,  all  of  the  8-inch  tile  was 
replaced  by  12-inch  tile  and  all  of  the  6-inch  tile  in  the  main  line  by 
10-inch  tile.     The  total  expenses  for  the  year  were  as  follows : 


112  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Item —  Total  Per  acre 

New  pump   equipment   $377.10  $2.49 

Tile  replaced  373.76                   2.47 

Labor  replacing  tile  686.50                   4.55 

For   flooding   218.06                    1.44 

Pumping    (both    pumps)    684.02                    4.54 

Auxiliary    pump    148.84                    0.98 

Plowing  (Bermuda  grass  control) 296.70                    1.97 

Maintenance  of  tile  line  28.00                   0.18 


$2812.98  $18.63 

Total  for  the  project  at  the  beginning  of  1915  season,  $12,772.23,  or 
$84.58  per  acre. 

Aside  from  the  changes  which  have  been  mentioned,  it  now  became 
apparent  that  considerable  of  the  first  cost  might  have  been  saved  by 
a  more  economical  design  of  the  structures.  The  concrete  linings  in 
the  irrigation  laterals  wTere  found  to  be  of  no  real  service,  and  could 
have  been  omitted  entirely.  Equal  efficiency  could  no  doubt  have  been 
obtained  by  omitting  all  of  the  silt  wells  except  those  on  the  main 
line  and  one  on  lateral  No.  7,  and  by  using  redwood  instead  of  con- 
crete in  their  construction. 

During  the  construction  of  the  sump,  adverse  subsoil  conditions 
were  encountered  which  no  doubt  increased  the  cost  of  the  sump  by 
several  hundred  dollars  over  what  it  would  have  cost  if  located  else- 
where. It  is  probably  also  true,  although  as  yet  not  conclusively 
proven,  that  equal  efficiency  could  have  been  obtained  by  spacing  the 
laterals  about  400  feet  apart,  instead  of  315  feet,  thus  eliminating  one 
on  each  side  of  the  main  drain.  This  last  change  could  certainly 
have  been  made  had  the  laterals  been  placed  eight  inches  to  one  foot 
deeper.  These  duplicate  and  apparently  unnecessary  expenditures 
were  caused,  in  the  first  instance,  because  it  was  found  that  the 
measured  drainage  discharge  for  this  tract  is  more  than  double  that 
usually  found  in  irrigated  sections,  and  in  the  second  instance,  by  the 
experimental  nature  of  the  undertaking. 

OPEKATIONS  AND  EXPENSES  DURING  1915 

Immediately  after  flooding  operations  were  discontinued  in  1914, 
a  rank  growth  of  Bermuda  grass  sprang  up  over  the  tract,  replacing 
the  growth  of  alkali  weeds  which  were  so  abundant  in  1913.  It  is 
probable  that  some  of  the  seed  of  this  grass  was  brought  to  the  field 
by  the  water  used  in  flooding  and  also  there  seems  to  be  little  doubt 
but  that  much  of  it  was  dormant  in  the  soil  and  started  to  grow  as 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD  EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN  113 

soon  as  growing  conditions  were  improved.  It  now  became  apparent 
that  before  successful  crops  of  alfalfa  could  be  grown  the  Bermuda 
grass  must  be  eradicated  and,  consequently,  after  the  second  flooding, 
which  took  place  in  April,  1915,  and  covered  practically  the  same  area 
as  was  flooded  the  previous  year,  the  entire  season  was  spent  in  at- 
tempting to  control  this  grass.  The  tract  was  plowed  to  a  shallow 
depth  several  times,  so  as  to  expose  the  roots  to  the  hot  sun.  The 
loosened  grass  was  raked  together  and  burned.  The  end  of  the  season 
showed  a  very  marked  reduction  in  the  amount  of  Bermuda  grass 
present.    During  the  year  1915  the  following  expenses  were  incurred. 

Item —  Total  Per  acre 
Maintenance  and  repairs  to  drain  and 

pump  $70.64  $0.47 

Bepairs  to  irrigation  system  95.50  0.63 

Pumping  costs  (power,  etc.)   278.15  1.90 

Flooding  149.38  0.99 

Control  of  Bermuda  grass  1843.48  12.21 

$2447.15  $16.20 

Total  for  project,  January,  1916  $15,219.38  $100.78 

The  expenditures  shown  in  this  report  do  not  include  planting  or 
harvesting  the  corn  in  1914,  nor  the  hay  in  1916,  nor  water  taxes  for 
three  years ;  neither  do  they  include  rebate  on  tile  replaced,  main 
pump  and  motor  replaced  or  the  auxiliary  pump. 

PUMPING  AND  FLOODING 
Beginning  February  23,  1914,  and  continuing  until  May  1,  the 
tract  was  being  flooded.  Within  a  week  after  flooding  began,  ten  acres 
or  more  were  under  water,  but  the  first  pump  which  was  installed 
proved  too  small  and  the  ground  water  rose  rapidly  during  the  flood- 
ing. The  flooding  was  then  discontinued  until  after  the  auxiliary 
pump  was  installed.  During  the  flooding  as  much  land  was  kept 
under  water  as  possible,  so  that  the  alkali  would  be  carried  downward 
rather  than  laterally.  As  much  as  forty  acres  were  under  water  at 
one  time.  No  estimates  were  obtained  showing  the  amount  of  water 
used  in  flooding,  except  that  the  area  flooded  was  kept  under  water 
from  six  inches  to  twelve  inches  deep  for  a  period  of  at  least  one 
week.  Measurements  taken  of  the  pump  discharge  show  that  there 
were  approximately  97,580,000  gallons  or  300  acre-feet  removed  from 
the  tract  during  the  year.  This  is  sufficient  water  to  cover  the  entire 
160  acres  1.88  feet  deep.  This  does  not  include  any  discharge  from 
the  auxiliary  pump. 


114 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 


Due  to  the  flooding  and  the  lack  of  proper  pumping  equipment,  the 
ground  water  remained  high  during  the  season.  In  11)15  with  the 
larger  equipment  in  place,  the  flooding  was  resumed  in  March  and 
continued  throughout  April,  covering  about  the  same  ground  as  before 
and  for  about  the  same  period.  The  water  used  in  flooding  was  not 
measured. 

The  pump  discharge  for  each  week  during  the  seasons  of  1915 
and  1916  is  shown  in  the  following  table. 


1915 


Week  ending- 


Gallons 


A  Tar. 
April 


-May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


27 5,480,000 

3 6,790,000 

10 8,780,000 

17 10,240,000 

24 9,500,000* 

1 9,500,000* 

8 9,700,000 

15 7,620,000 

22 8,290,000 

29 7,810,000 

5 8,330,000 

12 7,350,000 

19 6,220,000 

26 5,360,000 

3 4,710,000 

10 4,870,000 

17 6,300,000 

24 5,390,000 

31 4,440,000 

7 3,500,000 

14 2,630,000 

21 1,630,000 

28 420,000 

4 850,000 


Total   145,710,000 


1916 

Week  ending —  Gallons 

Mar.    25 f 

April     1 3,018,000 

8 f 

iry 7,616,000 

23 6,731,000 

30 9,900,000 

7 8,904,000 

14 7,968,000 

21 7,907,000 

28 7,308,000 

4 6,552,000 

11 6,216,000 

18 6,266,000 


( i 
i  ( 

May 

i  ( 

( c 
i  ( 

June 

C  I 


July 


i  i 

i  i 


Aug. 

i  c 

I  I 

i  i 

Sept. 
i  i 

i  ( 

( i 

Oct. 


25 7,140,000 

2 6,200,000* 

9 6,000,000* 

16 5,800,000* 

23 5,662,000 

30 5,538,000 

6 5,999,000 

13 5,309,000 

20 6,449,000 

27 8,803,000 

3 6,443,000 

10 5,796,000 

17 5,040,000 

24 3,393,000 

1 1,026,000 


Total  162,984,000 


*  Estimated. 

t  Pump  not  running. 

1915  discharge  equals  447.7  acre-feet,  or  2.79  acre-feet  over  160  acres. 

1916  discharge  equals  500.1   acre-feet,  or  3.12  acre-feet  over  160  acres. 


During  1915  the  pump  was  in  actual  operation  3534  hours  out  of 
the  total  of  3648  hours,  or  96.8  per  cent  of  the  time  between  March  22 
and  August  20,  discharging  144,440,000  gallons,   or  1.52  cubic  feet 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD   EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN 


115 


per  second.  During  1916  the  pump  was  in  actual  operation  3921 
hours  out  of  a  total  of  4056  hours,  or  96.6  per  cent  of  the  time  between 
April  10  and  September  25,  discharging  159,966,000  gallons,  or  1.51 
cubic  feet  per  second. 


Fig.  6. — Curves  showing  ground  water  table  on  Kearney  Vineyard  Experi- 
ment Drain. 


In  1915  the  maximum  weekly  discharge  occurred  during  the  week 
of  April  17,  when  10,240,000  gallons  were  pumped  during  160  hours,  or 
an  equivalent  of  2.38  cubic  feet  per  second.  During  1916  the  maxi- 
mum discharge  occurred  during  the  week  ending  April  30,  when  there 


116 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


were  9,900,000  gallons  pumped  during  165  hours,  or  2.23  cubic  feet 
per  second. 

The  increased  discharge  in  1916  is  due  to  the  pumping  season 


^ 


A 


^ 


/>//?/?. 


APR. 


MAY 


JU/v£r 


JULY 


/fUO. 


.5£"/=> 


Fig.  7. — Curves  showing  ground  water  table  on  Kearney  Vineyard  Experi- 
ment Drain. 


being  lengthened  by  a  late  irrigation,  in  order  to  facilitate  preparing 
the  land  for  the  1917  crop. 

Figures  6  and  7  show  the  depth  to  water  from  March  to  September 
inclusive  for  1914,  1915,  and  1916.  These  observations  were  made 
by  weekly  reading  on  test  wells  located  midway  between  laterals  and 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD  EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN  117 

450  feet  from  the  main  drain.  Numbers  1  to  4  are  located  east  of  the 
main  line  and  numbers  5  to  8  west  of  the  main  line.     (See  Fig.  2.) 

The  irregularities  in  the  curves  show  the  effect  of  flooding  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  test  well.  The  effect  of  the  irrigation  which  the 
grain  received  in  April,  1916,  is  shown  quite  plainly  in  all  of  the 
wells  by  the  rise  in  the  water  table. 

Taking  May  22,  1916,  as  a  representative  date,  the  average  of  the 

eight  wells  on  this  tract  shows  the  water  table  to  be  4.8  feet  below  the 

surface,  while  on  the  same  date,  as  shown  by  an  average  of  eighteen 

wells,  the  water  stood  one  foot  higher  on  other  parts  of  the  Kearney 

Vineyard  property.     On  the  same  date  the  average  depth  to  water 

was  2.6  feet  in  three  wells  on  the  tract  immediately  south   of  the 

drained  area. 

EEMOVAL  OF  ALKALI 

The  soil  and  alkali  survey  made  in  the  summer  of  1913  showed,  as 
has  been  stated,  that  the  surface  foot,  over  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  tract,  contained  less  than  .20  per  cent  of  combined  salts,  although 
there  were  areas  where  there  was  3.0  per  cent  or  over.  The  most 
alkaline  portions  were  in  the  depressions,  which  have  been  described 
as  being  on  either  side  of  the  ridge  near  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
tract.  An  area  containing  as  high  as  1.0  per  cent  was  found  covering 
about  the  center  third  of  the  east  eighty  acres. 

In  the  fall  of  1913  a  series  of  analyses  were  made  of  soil  samples 
taken  from  holes  fifty  feet  apart  on  two  parallel  lines  fifty  feet  apart 
running  from  the  southeast  to  the  northwest  corner  of  the  tract.  The 
results  of  these  analyses  were  compared  with  analyses  made  from  soil 
samples  taken  from  the  same  places  in  July,  1914,  and  July,  1915. 
In  1913  and  1914,  samples  were  taken  of  each  foot  of  soil  from  the 
surface  to  hardpan.  During  1915  samples  were  taken  for  each  foot 
from  the  surface  to  six  feet. 

Local  variations  in  the  alkali  content  of  the  soil  make  individual 
tests  rather  misleading  and  in  order  to  reach  any  conclusions,  all  the 
tests  in  both  lines  were  taken  collectively.  The  following  table  gives 
the  results  of  this  method  of  handling  the  data. 

Sodium  Salts  in  Surface  Foot 

No.  of  Per  cent  Per  cent 

Year —  tests  NaCl  Na2C03  Total 

1913  122  .0972  .0401  .1373 

1914  119  .0276  .0406  .0682 

1915  138  .0208  .0338  .0546 

1914  decrease  in  NaCl,  71.6  per  cent;  increase  in  Na2C03,  1.2  per  cent;  decrease 
in  total  alkali,  50.3  per  cent. 

1915  decrease  in  NaCl,  78.6  per  cent;  decrease  in  Na2C03,  15.7  per  cent;  decrease 
in  total  alkali,  60.3  per  cent. 


118 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 


Fig.  8  shows  the  same  results  graphically.  It  will  be  noted  from 
the  above  table  that  of  the  total,  .1373  per  cent  of  salt  in  the  surface 
foot  in  1913,  70.8  per  cent  was  NaCl,  or  common  salt,  and  29.2  per  cent 
Na2C03,  or  black  alkali.  In  1914  there  was  a  decrease  of  71.6  per  cent 
in  the  NaCl  and  an  increase  of  1.2  per  cent  in  the  Na2C03,  making  a 
total  decrease  of  50.3  per  cent.  In  1915  the  decrease  in  NaCl  was 
78.6  per  cent  of  the  amount  present  in  1913  and  there  was  also  a 
decrease  of  15.7  per  cent  in  the  Na2C03  for  the  same  period,  making 
a  total  decrease  in  two  years  of  60.3  per  cent.  The  proportion  of  the 
two  salts  making  up  the  remaining  total  of  .0546  per  cent  of  the  soil 
had  changed  from  a  predominance  of  NaCl  to  a  predominance  of 
Na2  CO,. 


Fig.  8. — Sodium  salts  in  surface  foot.     Percentage  of  decrease  and  amount 
and  percentage  remaining  after  one  and  two  years'  drainage. 


The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  sodium  salts  through 
soil  column  in  1915. 


No.  of 

Depth —  tests 

First  foot   138 

Second  foot  138 

Third  foot  139 

Fourth  foot  138 

Fifth  foot  139 

Sixth  foot  137 

Agerage  1.38 


Per  cent 

Per  cent 

NaCl 

Na2C03 

Total 

.0208 

.0338 

.0546 

.0161 

.0263 

.0424 

.0145 

.0222 

.0367 

.0125 

.0196 

.0321 

.0104 

.0174 

.0278 

.0093 

.0163 

.0256 

.0139 

.0226 

.0365 

KEARNEY  VINEYARD  EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN 


11!) 


Fig.  9  shows  graphically  the  same  results  as  found  in  the  above 
table.  This  diagram  shows  that  both  salts  decrease  quite  regularly 
with  the  depth.  Unfortunately,  we  have  no  data  for  making  a  similar 
diagram  for  1913  and  1914,  consequently  it  is  not  known  whether  the 
salts  that  have  been  removed  from  the  surface  foot  have  been  redis- 


Fig.  9. — Distribution  of  sodium  salts  through  a  sii-foot  soil  column  in  1915. 


tributed  through  the  six-foot  soil  column,  or  partially  redistributed 
through  this  column  and  partially  removed;  or  as  is  more  likely  the 
case,  together  with  the  salts  originally  between  the  second  and  sixth 
foot,  they  may  have  been  partially  removed  and  partially  redistributed 
below  six  feet. 


120  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 

Assuming  92  pounds  to  be  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  soil,  there 
would  be  320,600  tons  of  soil  in  the  surface  foot  on  160  acres.  The 
soil  analyses  show  that  NaCl  and  Na2C03  to  the  amount  of  .0827  per 
cent,  or  265.13  tons,  have  been  removed  from  the  surface  foot  in  two 
years.  The  drainage  water  analyses  show  that  for  the  same  period 
285.4  tons  of  these  salts  have  been  removed  from  the  tract. 

At  frequent  intervals  in  1914,  and  each  week  during  1915,  samples 
of  the  drainage  water  were  taken  and  analyzed  for  alkali.  An  average 
of  these  samples  shows  that  in  1914,  151.5  tons  of  alkali  were  removed 
in  the  drainage  water,  of  which  51.6  per  cent  was  NaCl,  34.5  per  cent 
Na2C03,  and  13.9  per  cent  Na2S04.  In  1915,  183  tons  of  alkali  were 
removed,  of  which  36.6  per  cent  was  NaCl,  48.4  per  cent  Na2C03,  and 
15  percent  Na2S04. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  water  analyses  made  by  the  Division  of 
Agricultural  Chemistry,  University  of  California,  show  the  removal 
of  considerable  Na2S04,  but  the  soil  analyses  made  by  the  Division 
of  Soil  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology,  University  of  California,  do  not 
indicate  the  presence  of  appreciable  amounts  in  the  soil.  This  is 
due  to  the  method  of  analysis  used  by  the  Division  of  Soil  Chemistry 
and  Bacteriology,  as  no  quantitative  analyses  were  made  for  Na2S04 
unless  a  qualitative  analysis  gave  a  sulphate  reaction. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  water  samples  taken  on  the  same  dates 
in  1915  from  the  Houghton  Canal  and  from  a  pumping  plant  about 
two  miles  distant  on  the  Kearney  Park  Experiment  Station  tract,  show 
an  average  alkali  content  as  follows : 

1.  Kearney  Vineyard  experimental  drain  ....  301.88  parts  per  million 

2.  Houghton  Canal  33.43 

3.  Kearney  Park  Experimental  Station  ....     98.82 


These  figures  would  indicate  that  no  great  amount  of  alkali  was 
added  to  the  tract  through  the  water  used  in  flooding,  and  also  that 
considerable  more  was  removed  in  the  drainage  water  than  is  found 
in  the  usual  ground  water. 

The  average  alkali  content  for  the  tract  has  been  materially  re- 
duced, as  found  after  the  1915  tests,  and  is  now  much  less  than  is 
usually  considered  detrimental  to  crops.  Alkali  tests  made  on  areas 
where  the  1916  crops  were  not  satisfactory  indicate  that  the  alkali  is 
not  wholly  responsible.  There  seems  to  be  little  doubt  but  that  the 
physical  condition  of  the  soil  is  very  poor  in  these  spots  and  investi- 
gations are  now  under  way  to  determine,  if  possible,  a  remedy  for 
this  condition. 


KEARNEY   VINEYARD  EXPERIM  KNTAL  DRAIN 


121 


OPERATIONS  DURING   191 C 

During  December,  1915,  the  west  half  of  the  tract  was  sown  to 
oats.  Owing  to  weather  conditions  it  was  not  possible  to  plant  the 
remainder  of  the  tract  until  February,  1916,  which  was  then  sown 
to  barley. 

During  the  early  part  of  April  it  became  necessary  to  irrigate  the 
barley  planted  on  the  east  eighty  acres.  This  operation  took  about  one 
week  and  no  more  water  was  added  until  late  in  the  season,  this  being 
done  to  facilitate  the  preparation  of  the  land  for  alfalfa. 

In  1916  one  hundred  and  eighty  tons  of  hay  were  obtained  from 
the  tract,  an  average  of  almost  1.2  tons  per  acre. 


Fig.  10. — Barley  hay  on  east  half  of  drained  tract,  May,  1916. 


SUMMARY 

The  tract  of  land  chosen  for  this  experiment  was  formerly  a 
profitable  vineyard,  but  because  of  a  rising  water  table  and  the  accom- 
panying accumulation  of  alkali,  passed  from  a  vineyard  through  the 
stages  of  decline  of  an  alfalfa  and  grain  field  to  a  poor  pasture  of 
foxtail  and  alkali  weed.  For  two  or  three  years  previous  to  1913  no 
crops  were  grown. 

Preliminary  investigations  indicated  the  presence  of  alkali  in  dan- 
gerous quantities  over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  tract.  At  certain 
times  of  the  year  the  water  table  was  less  than  two  feet  from  the 


122  UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION 

surface  and  during  most  of  the  growing  season  was  dangerously  high. 
The  installation  of  the  drainage  system  in  191)}  was  the  first  step 
toward  reclamation.  Shortly  after  operations  were  started  in  1914, 
several  errors  in  design  were  discovered,  the  principal  ones  being  a 
too  small  and  poorly-designed  pumping  equipment  and  too  small  carry- 
ing capacity  of  the  main  drain.  These  have  been  remedied.  Aside 
from  these  changes  made  during  the  spring  and  summer  of  1914,  it 
became  apparent  that  fewer  and  less  expensive  silt  wells  would  have 
served  the  purpose  and  the  canal  crossings  could  have  been  omitted 
entirely. 


Fig.  11. — Oat  hay  on  west  half  of  drained  tract,  May,  1916. 

The  reclamation  of  this  tract  has  involved  the  expenditure  of  $100 
per  acre,  which  is  a  large  expense,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that 
the  entire  expenses  incidental  to  putting  this  land  into  an  irrigable 
condition  and  the  eradication  of  Bermuda  grass,  amounting  to  approx- 
imately $20  per  acre,  would  have  been  necessary  under  any  circum- 
stances and  cannot  be  properly  chargeable  to  drainage ;  in  many  cases 
of  reclamation  it  will  not  be  necessary.  The  duplicate  expenses  for 
pump  and  tile  can  be  eliminated  from  future  undertakings  of  this 
character,  and  this,  together  with  changes  in  design  that  will  favor 
economy  in  construction,  will  reduce  the  first  cost  by  an  additional 
$20  per  acre,  making  a  total  possible  reduction  of  about  $40  per  acre. 

From  measurements  taken  of  the  pump  discharge,  it  is  evident 
that  drainage  systems  under  similar  conditions  should  be  designed 


KEARNEY  VINEYARD   EXPERIMENTAL  DRAIN  123 

to  remove  at  Leasl  one  cubic  foot  per  second  for  each  100  acres, 
especially  where  the  drained  tract  is  entirely  surrounded  by  undrained 
land. 

Indications  are  that  the  lateral  drains  might  have  been  placed  400 
feet  apart.  Tt  would  have  been  better  had  the  lateral  tile  lines  been 
placed  six  and  one-half  or  seven  feet  deep,  instead  of  five  and  three- 
quarters  feet.  The  hardpan,  which  was  known  to  exist,  has  not  proved 
to  be  a  material  hindrance  to  the  movement  of  water. 

Two  years'  flooding  has  been  sufficient  to  reduce  the  alkali  present 
to  an  amount  which  is  considered  safe  for  crops.  The  tests  show  that 
although  there  was  originally  nearly  two  and  one-half  times  as  much 
NaCl  as  Na2C03  in  the  surface  foot  of  soil,  that  this  salt  is  much 
more  easily  removed  by  flooding  than  the  Na2C08,  and  although  the 
latter  has  been  reduced  by  15  per  cent  there  was,  at  the  end  of  the 
second  year,  more  than  one  and  one-half  times  as  much  Na2C03  as 
NaCl  in  the  surface  foot  of  soil. 

There  is  very  little  doubt  that  cultivation  and  irrigation  will  cause 
the  alkaline  and  physical  conditions  to  change  for  the  better  much 
beyond  their  present  state. 

The  tract  has  been  changed,  after  three  years,  from  that  previously 
described  to  one  producing  a  crop  of  180  tons  of  grain  hay  in  1916. 
and  the  land  is  believed  to  be  in  such  a  condition  that  alfalfa  can  be 
successfully  grown  in  1917. 


STATION    PUBLICATIONS   AVAILABLE   FOR    FREE    DISTRIBUTION 


1897. 

1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1914. 

1915. 


RIO  PORTS 

Resistant   Vines,    their   Selection,   Adaptation,   and   Grafting.      Appendix  to    Viticultural 

Report  for    L896. 
Report  of  the  Agricultural   Experiment  Station  for   1898—1901. 
Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for   1901-03. 
Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1903-04. 
Report  of  the   College  of   Agriculture   and   the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station,    July 

1913-June,   1914. 
Report  of  the  College  of   Agriculture   and   the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station,    July 

1914-June,    1915. 


BU 
No. 

168.  Observations   on    Some   Vine    Diseases 

in   Sonoma  County. 

169.  Tolerance  of  the  Sugar  Beet  for  Alkali. 
178.   Mosquito  Control. 

184.  Report    of    the     Plant    Pathologist    to 

July    1,    1906. 

185.  Report   of  Progress   in   Cereal   Investi 

gations. 
195.    The   California   Grape  Root-worm. 

207.  The  Control  of  the  Argentine  Ant. 

208.  The  Late  Blight  of  Celerv. 

212.  California   White  Wheats. 

213.  The  Principles  of  Wine-making. 
216.   A  Progress  Report  Upon  Soil  and  Cli 

matic    Factors   Influencing  the   Com- 
position of  Wheat. 

225.   Tolerance  of  Eucalyptus  for  Alkali. 

227.    Grape  Vinegar. 

230.    Enological   Investigations. 

241.  Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  I. 

242.  Humus   in   California   Soils. 

246.   Vine   Pruning  in    California,    Part   II. 

248.  The  Economic  Value  of  Pacific  Coast 

Kelps. 

249.  Stock-Poisoning  Plants  of  California. 

250.  The  Loquat. 


LLETINS 

No. 
251. 


252. 
253. 

254. 
255. 
256. 
257. 
261. 

262. 

263. 

265. 
266. 

267. 
268. 
269. 
270. 


271. 

2  72 


Utilization  of  the  Nitrogen  and  Organic 

Matter    in    Septic    and    Imhoff    Tank 

Sludges. 
Deterioration  of  Lumber. 
Irrigation    and    Soil   Conditions    in   the 

Sierra    Nevada    Foothills,    California. 
The  Avocado   in  California. 
The  Citricola  Scale. 
Value  of  Barlev  for  Cows  Fed  Alfalfa. 
New  Dosage  Tables. 
Melaxuma     of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans 

regia." 
Citrus   Diseases   of   Florida    and    Cubit 

Compared   with  Those  of  California. 
Size  Grade  for  Ripe  Olives. 
Cottony  Rot  of  Lemons  in  California. 
A  Spotting  of  Citrus  Fruits  Due  to  the 

Action  of  Oil  Liberated  from  the  Rind 
Experiments  with  Stocks  for  Citrus. 
Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 
Phenolic  Insecticides  and  Fungicides. 
A    Comparison    of    Annual    Cropping, 

Biennial    Cropping,    and    Green    Ma 

nures  on  the  Yield  of  Wheat. 
Feeding  Dairy  Calves  in  California. 
Commercial  Fertilizers. 


CIRCULARS 

No.  No. 

65.   The  California   Insecticide   Law.  134. 

69.  The    Extermination    of    Morning-Glory.  135. 

70.  Observations    on    the    Status    of    Corn  136. 

Growing   in    California.  13  7. 

76.    Hot   Room    Callusing.  138. 

80.   Boys'    and  Girls'   Clubs.  139. 

82.  The     Common     Ground     Squirrels  of 

California. 

83.  Potato  Growing  Clubs.  140. 

106.  Directions  for  Using  Anti-Hog  Cholera 

Serum. 

107.  Spraying  Walnut  Trees  for  Blight  and  141. 

Aphis    Control. 

108.  Grape  Juice.  142. 

109.  Community  or   Local   Extension   Work 

by  the  High  School  Agricultural  De  143. 

partment. 

113.  Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture  144. 

114.  Increasing  the  Duty  of  Water.  145. 

115.  Grafting  Vinifera  Vineyards. 

117.  The    Selection    and    Cost    of    a    Small  146. 

Pumping  Plant. 

118.  The  County  Farm  Bureau.  147. 
121.   Some    Things    the    Prospective    Settler  148. 

Should  Know.  149. 

124.  Alfalfa   Silage  for  Fattening  Steers.  150. 

126.  Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper.  151. 

127.  House  Fumigation.  152. 

128.  Insecticide   Formulas. 

129.  The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects.  153. 

130.  Cabbage   Growing  in   California. 

131.  Spraying  for  Control  of  Walnut  Aphis.  154. 

132.  When      to      Vaccinate      against      Hog 

Cholera.  155. 

133.  Countv  Farm  Adviser. 


Control   of   Raisin    Insects. 

Official  Tests  of  Dairy  Cows. 

Melilotus   Indica. 

Wood  Decay  in  Orchard  Trees. 

The  Silo  in  California  Agriculture. 

The    Generation    of    Hydrocyanic    Acid 

Gas  in  Fumigation   by   Portable  Ma 

chines. 
The  Practical  Application  of  Improved 

Methods  of  Fermentation   in  Califor 

nia  Wineries  during  1913  and  1914. 
Standard    Insecticides   and   Fungicides 

versus   Secret  Preparations. 
Practical  and  Inexpensive  Poultry  Ap 

pliances. 
Control   of    Grasshoppers    in    Imperial 

Valley. 
Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine. 
Suggestions  to  Poultrymen  concerning 

Chicken  Pox. 
Jellies    and    Marmalades    from    Citrus 

Fruits. 
Tomato  Growing  in  California 
"Lungworms" 

Lawn  Making  in  California. 
Round  Worms  in  Poultry. 
Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs. 
Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand 

ling  of  Grain  in  California. 
Announcement  of  the  California  State 

Dairy  Cow  Competition,  1916-18. 
Irrigation   Practice   in   Growing   Small 

Fruits  in  California. 
Bovine  Tuberculosis. 


